Views of War in Apocalypse Now Essay Example For Students

Views of War in Apocalypse Now Essay The film, â€Å"Apocalpyse Now,† directed by Francis Ford Coppola, illustrates the psychologically damaging effects of the Vietnam war. As the story progresses, each character falls deeper into both an actual and metaphorical darkness, of the landscape and in their minds. The relationship between the landscape and mental psyche of the soldiers, is seen as the crew, made up of Chief, Lance, Chef, Clean, and Willard, venture further into enemy territory. The purpose of their mission is to escort Willard, the narrator and main character, to captain Kurtz. Kurtz is a former high-ranking military member, who has gone rogue, and seemingly lost his sanity. Each character loses their sense of self, as the horrors of war escalate around them, as their environment becomes more menacing. The film offers several insights into war, and human nature. The most prominent being that in a society, there are constraints to keep people from, â€Å"losing it. † The film makes the point that freedom from such societal constrains, leads to insanity, and that once pushed to a certain point, you can either reject or embrace the dark, savage, and primal part of your mind and soul. We will write a custom essay on Views of War in Apocalypse Now specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is seen in both Willard and Kurtz, where Willard ends up rejecting this notion, and Kurtz ends up accepting. Both Willard and Kurtz followed the same psychological path to insanity. This change is depicted in Willard, as he travels further and further up the Nung River, towards Kurtz. Once Willard reaches the compound, it represents the same psychological crossroads Kurtz came across. The psyche of a soldier is a direct product of the environment they are in. In an environment as absurd and horrible as Vietnam, insanity is only a matter of time and circumstance. In this sense I use insanity to describe the savage part of one’s self, that war indulges. The film makes the point that the soldier has the choice, to either accept or deny the insanity of war, as seen in Willard as he rejects succeeding Kurtz as the native’s leader. In the beginning of the film, Willard is shown intoxicated in his room, and eager to return to action. It becomes apparent that he is already damaged. This is his second tour of duty. He has chosen to return after failing to assimilate back to civilian culture in the U. S. During the scene, he punches a mirror in his drunken state, symbolically destroying himself. Later in the movie he states, â€Å"Someday this wars gonna end. Thatd be just fine with the boys on the boat. They werent looking for anything more than a way home. Trouble is, Id been back there, and I knew that it just didnt exist anymore. † This highlights the divide between Willard, and the rest of the crew. Willard has already been forever changed by the environment of Vietnam. The other crew members are unaware of this fact. They simply want to get in, get out, and go home. They do not yet understand that past a certain threshold, there really is no returning. To them, the mission is a means to an end. To Willard, it’s a way to get back in touch with his sense of self. He is further along the path to insanity, which continues as the movie progresses. As the crew moves up the river, Willard becomes increasingly intrigued with Kurtz. He constantly checks his dossier and reads about the man he is sent to kill. In the film, Willard states, It was no accident that I got to be the caretaker of Colonel Walter E. Kurtzs memory, any more than being back in Saigon was an accident. There is no way to tell his story without telling my own. .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .postImageUrl , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:hover , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:visited , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:active { border:0!important; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:active , .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7 .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue395010c9ecd1a33a8e0618e9bbf71e7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Causes Of The Civil War EssayAnd if his story is really a confession, then so is mine. As most of the narration in the film is presented in the past tense, this statement foreshadows the decision Willard makes at the end of the film. When saying that he is to being the caretaker of Kurtz’s memory, he is referring to Kurtz’s entrusting Willard to tell his story to his son. I believe he is talking about all the sons to follow. Kurtz understands that Willard is on a similar path, and that Willard understands why he has become what he is; why he has broken. Although Kurtz sets Willard up to be his successor in the jungle, it is almost as if he hopes Willard rejec ts his proposal. This is why he doesn’t immediately kill Willard. He wants him to take his story back with him, to share, in an attempt to prevent it from happening to those who follow in the future. Willard sees himself in Kurtz. At a point in the film, when reading the folder on Kurtz, it almost becomes unclear to Willard whether the words are Kurtz, or his own. In one of the movies flagship lines, Willard states, â€Å"Never get out of the boat. Absolutely goddamn right. Unless you were goin’ all the way. Kurtz got off the boat. He split from the whole fuckin’ program. † In saying this, Willard is referring to the boat as symbol for a soldiers sanity. Again, the environment serves as a parallel to a soldier’s psyche. He warns against leaving the societal constrains of the soldiers around you, and entering the jungle, where things become dark and foggy. Willard understands the path leading to insanity. He has traveled it. He has crossed the threshold, and managed to return. He understands why Kurtz has transformed. His whole narration of the film, is seemingly aimed at the soldiers to come. He is Kurtzs messenger. War is absurd. It exposes the darkest and foggiest parts of a soldiers mind and soul. The jungle represents this both literally, and metaphorically; Never get off the boat.

Cyclones essays

Cyclones essays Natural disasters can happen at whichever time and at any place. Cyclones happen rarely in the southern hemisphere but when it happens it can kill thousands of people and demolish lots of buildings and properties. Cyclones are fierce whirling winds that can cause a lot of destruction. A cyclone can be so huge that it can cover over half of the United States. It can happen in the time of a few seconds to possibly 1 to 10minutes. A special extreme kind of cyclone that is only 300 yards (274 meters) across is a tornado. All cyclones have an eye. The eye is the center of the cyclone and is the only calm spot. The cyclones winds always spiral towards the eye, counterclockwise or anticlockwise. Cyclones move at speed between 240 to 1, 200 miles per hour or 386 to 1, 930 kilometers a day. Cyclone Tracy was the worst disaster that ever occurred in the Northern territory. On the 24th December 1974 disaster struck. Cyclone Tracy struck unexpectedly on Christmas Eve. It killed 65 people altogether, 49 died from being squashed by objects flying about and another 16 people were drowned at sea while trying to get away. Cyclone Tracy caused over 150 million dollars worth of damage and up to 90% of the town was destroyed. The wind speed was 217km/h. 25000 people were evacuated, as there was a hazard of diseases because the sewage pipes were broken. seven out of ten houses were destroyed or brutally damaged. After Cyclone Tracy had passed people helped to rebuild their town. That is why people still remember the terrors of that Christmas Eve. ...

Biography of Leonhard Euler, Influential Mathematician

Biography of Leonhard Euler, Influential Mathematician Leonhard Euler (April 15, 1707–September 18, 1783) was a Swiss-born mathematician whose discoveries greatly influenced the fields of mathematics and physics. Perhaps the best-known of Eulers findings is the Euler identity, which shows the relationship between fundamental mathematical constants and is often called the most beautiful equation in mathematics. He also introduced a notation for writing mathematical functions that is widely used today. Fast Facts: Leonhard Euler Occupation: MathematicianKnown For: The Euler identity, the function notation, and numerous other discoveries in mathematicsBorn: April 15, 1707 in Basel, SwitzerlandDied: September 18, 1783 in St. Petersburg, RussiaEducation: University of BaselParents’ Names: Paulus Euler and Margaretha BruckerSpouses Name: Katharina Gsell Early Life Leonhard Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. He was the first child of Protestant minister Paulus Euler and Margaretha Brucker. In 1708, one year after Euler was born, the family moved to Riehen, a suburb a few miles from Basel. Euler grew up in the parsonage at Riehen with his two younger sisters. During Eulers early childhood, he learned mathematics from his father, who had an interest in mathematics and had taken courses with the notable mathematician Jakob Bernoulli while studying to become a theologian. Around 1713, Euler began attending a Latin grammar school in Basel, but the school did not teach mathematics, so Euler took private lessons. University In 1720, Euler entered the University of Basel at just 13 years old- an accomplishment that was not uncommon for the time. At university, he studied with Johann Bernoulli, Jakob Bernoulli’s younger brother, who gave Euler mathematical problems to solve each week and encouraged him to read advanced math textbooks. Bernoulli even offered to answer Euler’s math questions every Sunday afternoon, even though he was too busy to give him private lessons. In 1723, Euler completed a master’s degree in philosophy and began studying theology, as his parents had wanted. However, Euler was not nearly as excited about theology as he was about mathematics. He obtained his father’s permission to study mathematics instead, possibly with the help of Bernoulli. Euler finished his studies at the University of Basel in 1726. In 1727, he submitted an entry for the Grand Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences concerning the optimal placement of masts on a ship. The first prize winner was an expert in the mathematics of ships, but Euler, who had not seen a ship before, won second place. Academic Career Euler was offered an academic appointment at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia. He moved there in 1727 and stayed until 1741. Although Euler’s post initially involved teaching the physics and math of physiology, he was soon appointed to the mathematics-physics division of the Academy. There, Euler advanced through different positions, becoming a professor of physics in 1730 and the senior chair in mathematics in 1733. The discoveries Euler made in St. Petersburg catapulted him to world fame. Euler married Katharina Gsell, a painter’s daughter, in 1733. Together, the couple had 13 children, five of whom survived to adulthood. In 1740, Euler was invited to Berlin by the Prussian king Frederick II to help establish an Academy of Sciences in the city. He moved to Berlin in 1741 and became the director of mathematics at the Academy in 1744. Euler remained prolific in Berlin, writing about 380 articles during his 25-year tenure. Contributions to Mathematics Some of Eulers most notable contributions include: The Euler identity: eiÏ€ 1 0. The Euler identity is often called the most beautiful equation in mathematics. This formula shows the relation between five mathematical constants: e, i, Ï€, 1, and 0. It has wide-ranging uses in mathematics and physics, including electronics.Mathematical function notation: f(x), where f stands for â€Å"function† and the variable of the function (here, x) is enclosed within the parentheses. This notation is widely used today. Later Life and Death By 1766, Eulers relations with Frederick II had soured, and he returned to the Academy of St. Petersburg upon invitation from Empress Catherine the Great. His eyesight was in decline, and by 1771, Euler was completely blind. Despite this obstacle, however, Euler continued his work. Ultimately, he produced half of his total research while completely blind with the help of scribes and his own impressive memory and mental calculation skills. On September 18, 1783, Euler died from a brain hemorrhage in St. Petersburg. After his death, the Academy at St. Petersburg continued publishing Euler’s prolific works for about 50 years. Legacy Euler made many important discoveries in the field of mathematics. While he is perhaps best known for the Euler identity, he was a prolific and accomplished mathematician whose contributions influenced graph theory, calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, physics, music theory, and astronomy. Sources Cajori, Florian. A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes Bound as One. Dover Publications, 1993.Gautschi, Walter. â€Å"Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works.† SIAM Review, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 3-33.O’Connor, J. J., and Robertson, E. F. â€Å"Leonhard Euler.† University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1998.Thiele, Ruediger. â€Å"The Mathematics and Science of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).†

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example This paper briefly analyses various characteristics of Sickle cell anemia. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Anemia is a condition in which the number of red cells in blood decreases beyond certain limits. It can occur because of lack of hemoglobin and defective functioning of hemoglobin. Sickle cells contain sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S which is causing Sickle cell anemia. The changes in the shape of red blood cells are referred as sickling in medical terms. Sickle shaped means the shaping of red blood cells in the form of a crescent. Normally blood cells are disc shaped and therefore it can move quickly through the blood. However, when it attains the shape of a crescent, mobility of these cells would be decreased. (Kids health: Sickle Cell Anemia, 2011) Sickling can affect the normal functioning of the cells in different ways. It can reduce the flexibility of the cells and thereby various complications can occur to the patient. Life expectancy of the Sickle cell anemia patients has found to be comparatively lower to that of the normal people. Sickle cell anemia is usually appearing at the childhood itself. In areas where malaria is common, Sickle cell anemia found to be more common. In other words, a connection between Sickle cell anemia and malaria cannot be ruled out. ... It should be noted that normal life span of red blood cells is about 120 days. If red cells die within 10 to 20 days from its production, it is evident that the normal number of red cells cannot be sustained in blood. It is difficult for bone marrow to supply enough red cells based on the demand created by the untimely death of red cells. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS If both parents have the sickle cell trait, the chance that a child will have sickle cell disease is 25%. If one parent is carrying the trait and the other actually has disease, the odds increase to 50% that their child will inherit the disease (Sickle cell anemia: patient education, 2011) Sickle cell anemia normally occurs when a child gets two sickle cell genes from his parents. If the child gets the defective gene or hemoglobin from one parent and normal hemoglobin from the other parent, he may develop sickle cell trait. However, such people may not show the symptoms of this disease. Symptoms of Sickle cell anemia may not appear until a child becomes four months old. Unusual pain lasting from hours to days is the major symptom of Sickle cell anemia. In some cases, the pain might be extended for many years. Pain can affect the entire body. â€Å"Abdominal pain, Bone pain, Breathlessness, Delayed growth and puberty, Fatigue, Fever, Paleness, Rapid heart rate, Ulcers on the lower legs, jaundice, Chest pain, Excessive thirst, Frequent urination, Painful and prolonged erection, Poor eyesight, Strokes, Skin ulcers† (Sickle cell anemia, 2011) etc are the major symptoms of Sickle cell anemia. DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA â€Å"Complete blood count (CBC) test, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Sickle cell test† (Sickle cell anemia, 2011) etc are some of the

Organizational Ethical Issue and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Ethical Issue and Policy - Essay Example The laws should insist that truth has to be reported and beyond going to the truth is unlawful. 4 1. Why I chose this dilemma? This dilemma selected is of high relevance in respect to the mounting IT related security issues today. An array of websites in various industries tends to disclose clients’ important personal information deliberately or inadvertently through their websites. This involves numerous security issues as the website owners or even other users of the sites can misuse the date disclosed. 2. Why you chose the three principles? Confidentiality is the core element of every online business, especially which deals with clients data. Hence, organizations and their members have the moral responsibility ensure data security while they carry out their business activities irrespective of the size or nature of the websites they own. Finality is another important principle as there are situations when an organization has to extend its service beyond legal, religious, or social parameters to ensure reliability. Justice also becomes important when an organization pays attention to clients requirements fairly without any bias. In this regard, the firm will ensure that all risks and benefits are equally distributed among the beneficiaries involved. 3. An analysis of the research used to identify the actions in the matrix An extensive research has been conducted to analyze the way various websites collect and use clients’ information. Admittedly, many of the social networking sites are highly prone to data theft. The research altogether reached the conclusion that legal intervention is essential in this matter to curb the intensity of the threat. Organizational Policy to Address the Issue The ethical dilemma based on the dependency to information technology is evident in every sector as there are possibilities of manipulation and illegal activities. Today there are many websites existing with wrong intention of deceiving the users or more specifi cally general public. The prime motto of such websites is to interfere into the privacy of individuals. Apart from the mere interference and proclamation, they also exaggerate the fact with rumors, finally destroying the character of an individual or the reputation of the organization itself. Many policies have been proposed to safeguard the individuals from the treat caused by technology. Reynolds (2011, p. 105) insists the importance of establishing a security policy to meet the basic requirements of an acceptable ethical standard. There is more than one reason behind choosing this particular dilemma. Although the term ethical dilemma seems ambiguous, in fact it is simple as Reynolds describes it. According to him, it is â€Å"moral code or morality† that is highly related to business application and relation to information technology (p.3). Today many websites exist in the networking world collecting and disclosing information which is highly personal. Although, the target ed individuals are not very often ordinary people, in

Biosensors Development for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

Biosensors Development for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection An approach towards clinical diagnosis. 1. Introduction: The molecular oxygen is the basic source of energy for aerobic systems. Its consumption by the living systems produces the radical such as superoxide anion (O2). This is a highly reactive toxic radical and is implicated in numerous pathologies. The toxicity of the triplet oxygen is prevented by the involvement of enzymes. A real paradox is that hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion have to be present in the living systems but their concentrations have to be controlled precisely so that they persist only for a short period in cells. Hydrogen peroxide belongs to a class of non-radicals reactive oxygen species [1, 2]. It is an important intermediate species in many biological and environmental processes. Moreover, H2O2 which is known as a cell killer due to its oxidizing power is required as a substrate for many enzymes. It has been shown to be present in the atmospheric and hydrospheric environments [3, 4]. H2O2 is a major reactive oxygen species in living organisms, better known for its cytotoxic effects and it also plays an important role as a second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Oxidative damages resulting from the cellular imbalance of H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species are related to aging and severe human diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular disorders. [5, 6] Furthermore, H2O2 is one of the products of reactions mediated by almost all oxidases. [7] H2O2 is generated in response to various stimuli, including cytokines and growth factors and is also involved in regulating diverse biolo gical processes from immune cell activation and vascular remodeling in mammals [8] to stomatal closure and root growth in plants[9]. In unicellular organisms an important response to the increased levels of H2O2 is the increased production of antioxidants and repair proteins to allow adaptation to these oxidative conditions[10]. Most biological sources of H2O2 involve in the spontaneous or catalytic breakdown of superoxide anions, produced by the partial reduction of oxygen during aerobic respiration and following the exposure of cells to a variety of physical, chemical and biological agents. As for example, activation of NADPH oxidase complexes generate superoxide and hence the H2O2. 2. A brief outlook of the hydrogen peroxide assays Unlike other reactive oxygen species H2O2 (a mild reducing and oxidizing agent) needs an initiator for the activation by the transitional metal or enzymes. This robust chemical characteristic of H2O2 made the assay rather difficult in the quantification compared to its other reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, peroxyl radical, and such others. Methods useful for its assay include ultra-violet, infrared, Raman scattering, ESR, electro analytical techniques, metal-H2O2 complexes, enzyme mediated reactions, nanotechnogy, flow injection analysis, and biosensors. 2.1 Analytical methods based on the physical properties Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for the quantification of H2O2 based on its physical properties. These include electrochemical, optical thermal, ultrasonic, chromatographic methods and mass spectra [11]. The analytical methods based on its physical properties are rather restricted due to its relatively poor robustness and sensitivity for biomedical application. Methods assessible for the enzyme assay techniques include Synthetic labeled substrates including fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates Isotopically labeled substrates Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) substrates Substrates with fluorescent labels with indirect detection Electrochemical assays Chemiluminiscence assays Bioluminescent assays Mass spectroscopy Nanotechnology Enzyme immobilization techniques For the development of analytical techniques and methods for the hydrogen peroxide assays, analytical chemists play a crucial role as they are mainly devoted to the development of methodologies or have been too much concerned with the analysis of isolated targeted material. 2.2 Quantification based on the electrochemical biosensor The modern concept of biosensors is a rapidly expanding field of instruments to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest since the invention by Clark and lyons in 1962. Electrochemical biosensors are the analytical devices that detect biochemical and physiological changes. Early techniques of biosensors in the analysis of chemical and biological species involved reactions that took place in a solution in addition to catalysts and samples. In recent years, however the biosensor techniques have provided alternative systems that allowed the reactions without reagents to take place at a surface of an electrode. The immobilization techniques include physical adsorption, cross-linking, entrapment, covalent-bond or sometimes combination of all the techniques. International Status As it has been mentioned in the introduction of the proposal, a tremendous burst in research activities in the field of hydrogen peroxide measurement has increased over understanding about its role. Over the last few years, studies have suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the regulation of hematopoietic cell homeostasis.[12] The generation of H2O2 is increased in response to various stresses, in which previous exposure to one stress can induce tolerance of subsequent exposure to the same or different stresses. [13] Oxidative stress is an important cause of cell damage associated with the initiation of many diseases.[14] It is also investigated that tissue injury due to free radical liberated by H2O2 during oxidative stress is the heart of periodontal diseases. [15] Many research papers describes that high levels of H2O2 is cytotoxic to a wide range of animal, plant and bacterial cells. Hydrogen peroxide has the ability to penetrate the cell membrane and form the hydroxyl radical OH. which is capable of causing high levels of DNA damage. [16] Evidences show that increase in the cellular levels of H2O2 play a major role directly or indirectly in sensitizing cancer cells to H2O2-induced cell death. Indeed, there is a growing literature showing that H2O2 can be used as an inter- and intra-cellular signalling molecule. [17] National status: A tremendous growth is taking place in developing hydrogen peroxide biosensor all over the world and also in India. As per the Indian scenario, different national research institutes and private companies have been working in this field. NPL, CEERI Pilani, IISC, IIT, Bengal Engineering and Science University and many more national institutes are working on this. Many of the private sectors like Biosensor Interventional technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd, Clearly a major obstacles in studying the roles of hydrogen peroxide has been the lack of widely available specific tools and methodologies Objectives The whole idea of the project is to develop a new ultrasensitive reagent, versatile, non-carcinogenic easily available so that there are no earlier reports. The proposal of new reagents for enzyme peroxidase based hydrogen peroxide assay. Principal investigator is interested to have an extensive catch over the kinetic assay by developing new kinetic equations by controlling different parameters such as pH, effect of co-substrate concentration etc., (iv) Methodology: The simple oxidative reaction of the H2O2 in the presence of enzyme can be explored by converting the co-substrates into optically detectable product. This includes a variety of oxidizing reagents based on the oxidative property of metals such as Co(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), and other metal ion catalysts. The assay based on simple oxidation comprises the optical methods such as spectrophotometry, spectroflurimetry, and chemiluminiscence. To overcome the relatively poor sensitivity and selectivity of the optical methods described below, peroxidase or metal porphyrins can be introduced to enhance the sensitivity of specific H2O2 detection. It is based on the specific H2O2 reaction with hydrogen donors on the catalysis of peroxidase or metal porphyrins, instead of oxidizing reagents. These optical methods of analysis are sensitive to the extent of micromolar and nanomolar H2O2 concentrations. As one of the most sensitive optical methods, chemiluminiscence is based on the reaction of luminol with H2O2 in basic solution in the presence of metal ions such as Fe(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and other metal ion catalysts [7]. Further chemiluminiscent methods were developed by the use of different oxidizing agents such as KIO4-K2CO3 [8]. Also attempts were made for the enhancement of chemuminiscent reaction by the use of p-iodopenol [9], gold nanoparticles [10], chitosan [11], resin [12] and DNAzyme [13]. Alternatively, fluorescent quantification has been applied to H2O2 based on the oxidation [14]. The generation of oxidized form can be measured by the fluorescent probes such as p-(hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid [15], ÃŽ ²- Cyclodextrin (CD)–hemin [16], N,N’-dicyanomethyl-o-phenylenediamine- hemin [17], Rhodamine B hydrazide-iron(III)-tetrasulfonatophthalocyanine [18], Fluorescein hydrazide [19], Haemin-L-tyrosine [20], Fluorescin [21], and ninhydrin [22]. Another approach was mainly based on the ROS fluorogenic reaction, which generally involves formation of oxidized forms which are highly fluorescent products [23-26]. There are also many spectrophotometric methods for the assay of H2O2 which are based on the oxidation and formation of the colored product. The spectrophotometry involves the methods based on guaiacol [27], 4-amino-5-(p-aminophenyl)-1-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrazol-3-one (DAP) N-ethyl-N-sulpho- propylaniline sodium salt (ALPS) [28], Phenol-AAP [29], Photofenton reaction-metavanadate [30], Fenton reaction [31], Pyrocatecol-aniline [32], H2O2-molybdate [33], Naphthalene-Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase [34], and phenol red-HRP [35]. The sensitivity of these optical methods can be further enhanced by the involvement of sequential flow injection analysis system. Principal investigator is interested to carry out modest research for the development of newer analytical procedures for the enzyme based substrate assay. Implementation of the project proposal involves of developing new reagents for the assay of peroxidase involving the use of amine, phenol related co-substrate assay for peroxidase. The main proposal of the research work will be dealt with alternative reagents to guaiacol, benzidine which are having it own disadvantages such as solubility in water, carcinogenic, economic viability. References: [1] C.L. Murrant, M.B. Reid, Detection of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in skeletal muscle, Microscopy Research and Technique, 55 (2001) 236-248. [2] M.P. Fink, Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in acute respiratory distress syndrome, Current Opinion in Critical Care, 8 (2002) 6-11. [3] D. Price, P.J. Worsfold, R.F. C. Mantoura, Hydrogen peroxide in the marine environment: cycling and methods of analysis, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 11 (1992) 379-384. [4] J.M. Anglada, P. Aplincourt, J.M. Bofill, D. Cremer, Atmospheric Formation of OH Radicals and H2O2 from Alkene Ozonolysis under Humid Conditions, ChemPhysChem, 3 (2002) 215-221. [5] M.C.Y. Chang, A. Pralle, E.Y. Isacoff, C.J. Chang, A Selective, Cell-Permeable Optical Probe for Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126 (2004) 15392-15393. [6] E.W. Miller, A.E. Albers, A. Pralle, E.Y. Isacoff, C.J. Chang, Boronate-Based Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Cellular Hydrogen Peroxide, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127 (2005) 16652-16659. [7] D.A. Abramowicz, C.R. Keese, Enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving diphenyl carbonate, in, Google Patents, 1990. [8] M. Geiszt, T.L. Leto, The Nox Family of NAD(P)H Oxidases: Host Defense and Beyond, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (2004) 51715-51718. [9] C. Laloi, K. Apel, A. Danon, Reactive oxygen signalling: the latest news, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7 (2004) 323-328. [10] D.J. Jamieson, Oxidative stress responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yeast, 14 (1998) 1511-1527. [11] D. Harms, H. Luftmann, F.K. Muller, B. Krebs, U. Karst, Selective determination of hydrogen peroxide by adduct formation with a dinuclear iron(iii) complex and flow injection analysis/tandem mass spectrometry, Analyst, 127 (2002) 1410-1412. [12] A. Nogueira-Pedro, T.A.M. Cesario, C. Dias, C.S.T. Origassa, L.P.M. Eca, E. Paredes-Gamero, A. Ferreira, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces leukemic but not normal hematopoietic cell death in a dose-dependent manner, Cancer Cell International, 13 (2013) 123. [13] B. Halliwell, M.V. Clement, L.H. Long, Hydrogen peroxide in the human body, FEBS Letters, 486 (2000) 10-13. [14] E.A. Veal, A.M. Day, B.A. Morgan, Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and Signaling, Molecular Cell, 26 (2007) 1-14. [15] A. Mendi, B. AslÄÂ ±m, Antioxidant Lactobacilli Could Protect Gingival Fibroblasts Against Hydrogen Peroxide: A Preliminary In Vitro Study, Probiotics Antimicro. Prot., (2014) 1-8. [16] B. Halliwell, J.M.C. 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Governtment Money

In each country, government plays important role in developing their lands by improving the roads, the local transports, and the school and so on. To do so government has to spend billions of dollars on each project. In my view I think that government should spend as much as money on the basic requirement on the earth rather than spending lot of money on the outer space. First, by increasing the local transport will improve the economics of the country. Second, by reconsidering the old bridge is the safety for the people life. First, by increasing the number of the local transport will increase the economics of the country by adding the jobs to the people. For example, as I remember, everyday to my work I would drive the car five days a week. I used to spend lot of money on the gas, at the same time; my car produces the carbon mono oxide which is damaging the environment. If government spends money on adding the local transports like local buses, subways, local trains and so on. People start using these transports eventually save their money, in addition to that government will increases the jobs requirement like maintain ace guys, the engineer, the electrician guy so on. Drastically these while improve the economics of our country, as workers will start paying the tax. As you can see, adding the local transport will increases the jobs and the people start paying the taxes. Finally, government should focus on the old bridges, which had to be reconstructed. for instance, In Washington, they was a collapse of the bridge on the sikgat river, which caused by the heavy track when hit the bridge the concrete of the bridge was sliced off, which leads to collapse of the bridge, thought they was no life- threatening injuries, but still our government has to reconsider the safety of the people. As they are some many bridges around the nation, which has to be repaired, for that government has to spend ton of dollars. For this reasons I could say that government should spend money wisely thinking about the safety of the people and preventing this kind of tragedy. In sum, we are the people who elected the government. So government should give first preferences to the basic requirement of the people on the earth, by increasing the local transport and by improving the old bridges which is mandatory.